Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which structural or functional abnormalities impair cardiac filling or ejection.1
The global prevalence has doubled from 25.43 million in 1990 to more than 64 million people in 2023, and remains the leading cause of hospitalization in adults over 65 years of age. The prevalence of the disease in the UK is expected to double by 2040.2,3,4
Increasingly driven by obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure (particularly heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) [HFpEF]) is now recognized as a systemic cardiovascular disorder.5,6,7
